Background: Traditional herbal medicine has a long history in the Persian communities of Fars province, especially in Fasa County. Despite the longstanding history and robust culture of traditional medicine in this region, there is no comprehensive study on the ethnobotanical knowledge of this unique region with residents historically dependent on medicinal plants. Objective: Hence, the main objective of this study was to identify and record medicine plants and traditional herbal knowledge of the ethnic communities of Fasa County in the Fars province of Iran. Methods: Ethnopharmacological data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, guided walks, and group interviews during a period of two years (2021-2022). 45 local informants were selected and interviewed for data collection. We calculated quantitative factors including informant consensus factors (ICF), and use reports (UR) for each species. Medicinal plant species were identified through standard taxonomic methods by botanists. Results: The local communities have documented 62 medicinal plants across 58 genera from 27 families, which are used to treat 12 different categories of ailments. The most common preparation method was infusion, followed by decoction and poultice. Dermatological (ICF = 0. 93), neurological (0. 92), and digestive (ICF = 0. 91) diseases were documented as the most common ailment categories in this area. Conclusion: The study results indicated that the traditional herbal knowledge of Fasa County is still rich and it revealed an obvious relationship between the ancient medicinal culture of this region and Iranian Traditional Medicine. Therefore, evaluation of the pharmacological activity of highly utilized medicinal plants could result in new herbal drugs.

Tourism has a close relationship with the environmental capabilities, therefore, the feasibility assessment of tourism susceptible zones can help identify capacity, refine development plans, and preserve the environment and sustainable development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of tourism development and zoning in Fasa County through spatial analysis of tourism attractions. This process is based on the following steps: (1) spatial analysis of historical, cultural, religious, scientific, rural and natural attractions based on the density of tourist resources, (2) the zoning of mountain sport tourism, and (3) the zoning of agricultural tourism. In this regard, initially, tourism susceptible zones were presented by identifying various types of attractions, determining the spatial location, categorizing and density of them in an area, and then separating the areas with maximum densities. In order to zoning the sport tourism, the roughness factor in the form of slope more than 25% and elevations above 1700 m were used. The zonation of agricultural tourism was based on the vegetation areas with a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index more than 0. 05. The results showed that an area with 2606. 69 km2 (62. 11%) of the whole Fasa County is suitable for various types of tourism, which among them, sport, natural, sports-natural, historical-cultural-rural and historical-cultural-rural-natural zones have the highest extent with area of 1479. 95, 267. 05, 225. 82, 132. 89 and 129. 35 km2 (35. 26, 6. 36, 5. 38, 3. 17 and 3. 08 percent), respectively. In conclusion, the results of the study show the spatial graphic representation of Fasa County in the form of susceptible zones of various tourism, which, on the one hand, can provide a comprehensive guide for tourists and tour leaders, and on the one hand, can be a scientific document for managers and planners for constructive decisions and implementation of developmental policies.

Background and Objective: Economic valuation by quantifying the benefits is an effective step towards improving environmental policies to sustain and develop the ecotourism industry. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the tourists’,willingness of to pay to visit Mianjangal ecotourism area in Fasa County. Material and Methodology: The required data were collected by single-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method through completing questionnaires from a random sample of 542 tourists in April 2019. The censored normal regression model was used to estimate the visitors' willingness to pay and identify the factors affecting it. Findings: The results showed that willingness to pay to visit this ecotourism area is negatively affected both by the age of household head and by the household size. Also, the effect of educational level of head of household, household income and annual recreational trips to natural areas on tourists’,willingness to pay was estimated to be significantly positive. Based on the effect of gender variable, female-headed households are more willing to pay than male-headed households. The average tourists’,willingness to pay for a one-day staying at Mianjangal ecotourism site was estimated at 205205 Rial. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, government supportive policies are proposed to increase the purchasing power of low-income and crowded household,and furthermore, increasing household ecotourism information can lead to the spread of tourism culture and to rise the number of recreational trips to the study area.

Since the beginning of the human civilization, drought has had severe and sometimes catastrophic effects on human life activities throughout the world. Drought by itself is not a catastrophe, but its impact on the people and on the environment, determines whether it is a disaster or not. Drought is a natural hazard, having direct and indirect consequences on our planet, particularly on the livelihoods of agricultural utilization. In this regard, in recent decades, policy makers of rural development, have noticed "rural economic resilience" as an important concept. Especially, the economic resilience of agricultural utilization is closely related to natural phenomena, including drought. This study analyses farmer’, s economic resilience against droughts. This is a descriptive –,analytic research survey. We use questionnaire to collect data and stratified sampling method. Analysis level is 75 villages chosen from Nowbandeghan, Sheshdeh and Gharabolagh, central part & Shibkouh. We use 18 economic resilience criteria. Our population consists of 63409 residents comprising 18855 families. The sample contains 382 families calculated using Kukran model. Findings indicate that diversity in labor with eigenvalue of 3. 899 has the most impact out of the four factors. Ranking models used are SWARA & ARAS. Nowbandeghan, Shashdeh and Gharabolagh Central part & Shibkouh are respectably the most economically resilience parts. Extended Abstract Introduction: Since the beginning of human civilization, drought has had profound and sometimes catastrophic effects on human vital activities worldwide. Drought itself is not a disaster,it is its impact on people and the environment that determines whether or not it is catastrophic. Drought is one of the natural hazards that has direct and indirect consequences on the planet, and in particular on the livelihoods of farmers. In this regard, rural economic resilience is one of the concepts that has been of interest to rural development policymakers in recent decades,especially the economic resilience of agricultural holders is closely linked to natural phenomena such as drought. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economic resilience of farmers to the effects of drought. With respect to the subject under study and the purpose of the study, the research hypothesis is explained by the following application: It seems that there is a relationship between the economic resilience of rural communities and the effects of drought. Methodology: The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical based on the survey method used in this research. The statistical population of the rural areas of Fasa city is63409 people and the sample size is calculated by Cochran formula of 382 households. The level of analysis in this study is 75 selected villages, located in four central districts: Sixth and Gharablagh, Shibkoh, Fasa city, and Household Analysis Unit. In this study, the available stratified sampling method was used. The study used 18 indicators of economic resilience. Validity-Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and rural experts with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 850. After completing the questionnaires and collecting samples, the data were entered into SPSS software package and the technique used in this research is "cluster analysis". They were then ranked by ArcGIS, Excel, ARAS, SWARA and factor analysis techniques. Findings: At first, the research variables were obtained through a questionnaire. Before performing the factor analysis, the suitability of the data set for analysis was assessed by BTS and KMO tests. The value of KMO obtained is 0. 804 which indicates that the selected indices are satisfactory for using factor analysis technique. Bartlett's value was 1562. 624 which was significant at 99% confidence level. The next step in the factor analysis is to determine the values as follows:-Eigenvalues: (a) eigenvalues of non-rotating extractive agents and b) values of rotational extraction agents. As can be seen, the first four factors have values greater than 1 and account for a total of 53. 222% of the variance of the set of 18 indicators, which is an acceptable percentage. Therefore, although all of these factors have eigenvalues larger than the unit, for example the importance and role of the first factor is more than several times the fourth factor. The most important factor in this analysis is Factor 1, which alone accounts for 22. 933% of the variance. The second, third and fourth factors accounted for 15. 589, 7. 945 and 6. 756% of the variance, respectively. Because the eigenvalues of the following indices are less than 1, they were not significant and could not be used in subsequent analyzes. The results of the T-test for measuring resilience of users show that there is a significant difference (3. 5 = sig) between the baseline (3) and the calculated value of 3. 51. Since the calculated value is higher than the standard limit, we conclude that the impact of resilience factors on resilience of agricultural use against the effects of drought is evaluated. Conclusion: Today, drought is one of the natural disasters that due to its very complex and gradual crawling and overcoming it requires extensive facilities and has greatly affected the livelihoods of the farmers in the area involved. The present study aimed to analyze the economic resilience of agricultural holders against the effects of drought investigated by factor analysis. So the first factor: The specific amount of this factor is 3. 899 which alone accounts for 22. 933% of the variance of the population and has the most influence among the four factors. This factor includes variables such as "government support for agricultural jobs, diversification of economic activities and employment in the countryside, creation of conversion and supplementary industries in agriculture, start-up of new businesses, diversification of job skills, and increased post-employment. " Rural tourism boom "has a positive and high correlation. This can be attributed to" diversity of skills in the workforce and employment ". Factor 2: The Eigenvalue of the second factor is 2. 650 which alone accounts for 15. 589% of the variance in society. Variables loaded on this factor are: "Increase in service providers, brokers, land use change, deprivation of agricultural land and stabilization in the consumer market", so this factor can be a factor. Named "Retail Performance and Land and Property Performance". Factor 3: The specific amount of this factor is 1. 351 which accounts for 7. 945% of the variance. Variables of this factor are "the creation of non-agricultural activities among the villagers, the increase in the tendency for economic activities of the handicrafts and the increase of the skills of the workers in other non-agricultural sectors", "the development of employment levels". Factor Four: The Eigenvalue of the second factor is 1. 149 which alone accounts for 6. 756% of the variance in society. Variables loaded on this factor are: "The reduction of liquidity between agricultural holders and financial credit in drought conditions does not require borrowing from others,hence this factor can be a factor of" flexibility ". Acceptance and Financial Facilities ». The final weight of the model dimensions was obtained by following the steps of the Swara method. Factors affecting economic resilience of agricultural farmers to the effects of drought in rural areas of Fasa city, diversity and skills factor with a final weight of 0. 339, retail and land efficiency with a weight of 0. 269 In the second place, the factor of development of employment levels with the weight of 0. 221 was in the third place and finally the flexibility and financial facilities with the final weight of 0. 177 were in the fourth place. In order to spatially analyze the rural areas of Fasa city and classify it using ARAS Multi-criteria Decision Making Technique. Given that the number of villages surveyed was 75, showing the spatial analysis of the whole village on the map makes it so crowded that the researchers decided to limit the spatial representation to only four parts of the city.

Agriculture has determining and fundamental roles in the fate of the rural society in Iran. Also, it is unlikely that rural development can be achieved without having a logical and established solution for rural agriculture. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sustainable agriculture and sustainable development in rural regions of Fasa County. The research method of the study is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection is based on survey method (completing questionnaire). The study population comprised all heads of households living in Fasa villages. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated as 285 participants who were selected randomly and questionnaires were distributed among them. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach α was used. In the study, the statistical model of SEM and the first order confirmatory factor analysis were used for analyzing data. The results indicate the validity of both models of measurement of rural development and sustainable agriculture as well as the first order two-factor model for the relationship between rural sustainable development and sustainable agriculture as well as their goodness of fit with the collected data. According to this analysis, indicators of sustainable agriculture have generally more significant direct effects on rural sustainable development than the reverse conditions in this relationship.

Problem definition: At present, diversification of economic activities in rural areas has become more and more important. In the meantime, the handmade carpet industry, due to its long-standing link with the country's rural areas, should be considered as part of the rural non-farm economy in the form of a livelihood approach. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the production situation and the effects of handmade carpet production on livelihoods of rural households in this county. Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of the study includes all carpet weaving households residing in the villages of Fasa county. In this study, to calculate the maximum number of sample households, based on the number of households living in the villages studied and using Cochran's formula, 372 sample households were calculated to complete the questionnaires, and finally household questionnaires were completed by random sampling with the help of active people in the production of handmade carpets. AHP model, statistical and spatial analysis, and Expert choice software, SPSS and ArcGIS were also used for data analysis. Results: According to the results of study, in villages where the skill of weaving handmade carpets is traditional, the average livelihood level of households living in them is moderate or weak and lower than other villages active in handmade carpet production. The results of Kendall's test in examining the relationship between the amount of handmade carpet production and the level of livelihood of the studied households also show that these two variables are related to each other with a correlation coefficient of-0. 106. Innovation: In this study, the desirability level of livelihoods of households were determined and the distribution of villages has been considered separately from the average desirability of household livelihoods living in them.

Over-pumping of groundwater resources has caused some problems in recent decades leading to reduction of farmers’ welfare. To determine its magnitude, factors affecting groundwater salinity were estimated first. Then production function of wheat was estimated and by calculating marginal productivity of each factor, it was found that marginal productivity of all factors except salinity was positive. Finally, the welfare function due to reduction of water level was estimated. The results indicated that farmers, welfare decreased significantly due to reduction of water level. In order to improve the situation some measures such as restricting production of water-intensive crops and exploitation of groundwater are suggested.

Introduction: Sustainable development together with its complicated principles, have been globally discussed for years. The development process which started from1940, has reached to a dead end, therefore from 1980s environmental issues and development have been under a new perspective and special attention has been paid to them. This was the basis for sustainable theories. Acceptance of the definition for sustainable development from the viewpoint of UN Commissioning which a development is regarded sustainable if it enables to meet the present generation demands without neglecting the future potential for meeting the future generation demands, for the difficulty of determining the future generation needs and demands is faced with some problems...

In order to determine the optimum sowing and harvesting dates of two autumn sugar beet cultivars (Bete vulgaris L.) and develop the planting area of this crop, the present research was conducted in Fasa, Iran during 2005-2008. The experiment was carried out in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Three sowing dates (September 27, October 17 and November 6) were assigned to main plots, two commercial sugar beet cultivars (BR1 and Rasoul) to sub- plots and three harvesting dates (April 30, May 26 and June 20) to sub-sub plots. During the growing period, parameters such as number of plants, lost plants, growth rate and bolting percentage were determined. The root yield was measured by harvesting the roots from the two middle rows of plots. Characteristics such as root yield, sugar content, impurities (K, Na and α-amino nitrogen) and white sugar percentage, purity of raw extract, alkalinity and molasses sugar were measured. Results showed that bolting percentages of sowing dates were significantly different at 1% level of probability. The highest bolting percentage (18.409%) was obtained from September 27 sowing date. Sowing dates (September 27 and November 6) had the lowest bolting percentage (5.420% and 2.870%, respectively). The bolting percentage, root yield, sugar content, impurities, and purity of raw extract, alkalinity, molasses sugar and white sugar yield of the cultivars were not significant. The maximum bolting percentage obtained from the harvesting date (June 20) was 9.964%. Maximum root yield and white sugar yield was obtained from the sowing date (September 27) and harvesting date (June 20) which were 58.486 and 5.360 tha-1, respectively. With respect to the increased yield due to planting date of September 27 and harvesting date of June 20, use of bolting tolerant cultivars to ensure higher quality and yield I recommended.